Programs that are staffed by specialists who provide comprehensive diagnostic, treatment and management services for people who have a physical disability, either individually or as the leader of an interdisciplinary team. Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists (also known as physiatrists) focus on restoring function using physical means rather than surgery. They prescribe medication, order assistive devices such as a brace or an artificial limb, recommend therapy (e.g., heat and cold, electrotherapies, trigger point injections, massage, biofeedback and traction) and set up exercise programs. Problems most commonly treated by physiatrists include acute and chronic pain, sports injuries (joint injuries, sprains and strains), injuries to the spine or spinal cord, neck injuries, tendonitis, pinched nerves, peripheral nerve injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, traumatic brain injury, paraplegia, quadriplegia, arthritis and neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, polio and ALS. Physiatrists practice in rehabilitation centres, hospitals and private offices; and may have a broad practice or specialize in a particular area such as pediatrics, sports medicine, geriatric medicine or brain injury.

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Programs that are concerned with maintaining or improving the health of the eyes and their appropriate functioning as the organs of sight.

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Programs that are based on the premise that the body is a vital mechanical organism in which structural and functional states are of equal importance and that the body is able to rectify toxic conditions when it has favorable environmental circumstances and satisfactory nutrition. Treatment focuses on the manipulation of the body to restore structural integrity, but also utilizes other measures including medication, surgery and proper diet.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who provide comprehensive preventive, diagnostic and treatment services that focus on women's reproductive health and care for women during pregnancy, childbirth and the period immediately following childbirth as well as the health of the fetus.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who provide comprehensive preventive, diagnostic and treatment services including surgery for individuals who have diseases or injuries that affect the head and neck including the ears, the respiratory and upper alimentary systems, the face, the jaws and related structures.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who have expertise in the therapeutic utilization of radiant energy and its modifiers in the study and management of disease. Radiologists principally read x-rays but may also be certified to utilize some nuclear technology which involves the analysis and imaging of radionuclides and radiolabelled substances in vitro and in vivo for diagnosis and the administration of radionuclides and radiolabelled substances for the treatment of disease, especially malignant tumours.

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Programs that specialize in the care of the teeth and associated structures in the oral cavity including the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the teeth and gums.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who provide comprehensive preventive, diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have diseases or injuries which affect the internal organs and require nonsurgical intervention. General internists provide continuing comprehensive care for common and complex multisystem illnesses in ambulatory care as well as hospital settings. Internists often function as primary care physicians who are the patient's initial point of contact with the health care system and who assume ongoing responsibility for maintaining the health of their patients and for providing treatment in case of illness including consultation with specialists when required.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who are concerned with the physical, emotional and social health of infants, children and adolescents from birth to young adulthood. Pediatricians have advanced training in the biological, social and environmental factors that have an influence on a developing child and have expertise in diagnosing and treating the acute and chronic diseases that are common to individuals in this age range.

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Programs that are staffed by specialists who diagnose conditions which require a surgical intervention and provide preoperative, operative and postoperative care for surgical patients.

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